International Review of Economics and Management

The International Review of Economics and Management journal is an international, peer-reviewed academic journal that offers an academic platform where all topics in economics, management, finance and business sciences are discussed. Its main purpose is to support intellectual pluralism in the subjects covered by the journal and to provide fast access to quality articles. In line with this purpose, the journal follows an open access policy and makes the journal content accessible free of charge. Submissions for publication purposes can be either theoretical or empirical. Review articles of anticipated quality are also accepted for publication. The journal is published twice a year.
• Manuscripts submitted in the International Review of Economics and Management should not have been sent to another journal for publication. All articles submitted must be original work and must have introduced and cited previous relevant studies.
• Articles can be submitted in Turkish or English.
• In line with our "Open Access" policy, no presentation fee is charged for the submitted studies.

International Review of Economics and Management (IREM) accepts studies in all sub-fields of Business, Economics, Management and Finance.

I. ARTICLE FORMAT
The study must be in word format. Work in other formats is not accepted.

II. GENERAL FORMAT AND TITLE PAGE
The order of the text should be in the form of Title Page, Article, Appendixes and References.The title page should include the title of the article, the abstract, the names of the authors, the institutions that the authors are affiliated with, the detailed address of the corresponding author(with email), keywords, and, if any, a thank you footnote.The title should be written in all capital and bold letters with 14-point Arial font.Author names should be given right after the title.For the author names, 12-point Times New Roman font should be used.Author names should be centered and written on separate lines.Institutions that authors are related to should be indicated in footnotes with asterisks after the authors.9-point Times New Roman font should be used for footnotes.Abstracts for all articles should be included, and not exceed 250 words.For the abstract, 12 point Times New Roman font should be used.Authors should also include 3 to 5 keywords in the article. Keywords should be placed just below the summary.

Authors should use 1 inch (2.54 cm) right, left, top and bottom margins. Throughout the article, 12 point Times New Roman font with 1.5 line spacing should be used.

III. TITLES
All main titles should be numbered with roman numerals and a period should be placed after the numbers.There should not be a period after the titles.Main titles should be written in bold letters and centered.In addition, all letters of the main titles must be capital. Times New Roman font with 12 points should be used in all title types. First degree sub-titles should be written adjacent to the left margin, in bold letters. Second-order sub-titles should be written adjacent to the left margin, in bold and italic letters. Third-order sub-titles should be written adjacent to the left margin, bold and underlined. The first letters of the words of all subheadings must be capital.

IV. FOOTNOTES
Footnotes should be used instead of endnotes. Footnotes should be given in the text and should be listed in consecutive numbers. 9-point Times New Roman font should be used for footnotes.

V. TABLOLAR
Table titles should be given before the tables. Only the first letters of the words that compose the titles should be capital and the titles should be centered.Tables can also be explained with footnotes when necessary. Tables should be numbered with consecutive roman numbers (such as Table I, Table II). The measurement units of the data in the table should be given in parentheses at the beginning of each column and should not be repeated in each row. Tables should not be complicated by the use of unnecessary words. Please make sure that the data given in the tables are written correctly. Tables in the appendices should be numbered independently of the tables in the text such as Table A.I, TableA.II..

VI. FIGURES
Figure titles should be under the figure. Figure titles should be centered and the first letters of the words that compose the titles should be capitalized and the rest should be written in lowercase. Figures should be numbered with Roman numerals (such as Figure I, Figure II). Figures in the appendix should be numbered independently of the figures in the text: such as Figure A.I., Figure A.II..

VII. EQUATIONS
Equations should be written on a separate line and numbered in parentheses from the right using normal numbers.

VIII. QUOTATIONS
Quotations should be exactly the same with the original work's word usage, spelling and punctuation. Additions made on the quotation should be indicated with square brackets, the parts not included should be indicated with three dots (...). In addition, the quotations should indicate where the emphasis was made. Quotations of more than 50 words should be separated from the text and written as a new paragraph adjacent to the left margin.

IX. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CITATIONS
Bibliographic citations should be made by giving the author's names and the publication date of the quoted text in parentheses.
Example:
Many studies (Ferris &Kacmar, 1992; Malhotra &Bazerman, 2008; Morrison, 1993a, 1993b) support this result.
It should not be overlooked that bibliographic citations in parentheses follow an alphabetical order and the use of the ampersand (&) sign. In addition, the publications of an author or the same authors in the same year should be specified separately using "a," "b," and so on after the year is given.
If a study has two authors, both authors should be specified each time it is mentioned in the text. If a study has between 3 or 6 authors, all authors should be given where it is mentioned first, and then "et al." should be used.
Example:
Emotional burnout is also closely linked to working attitude (Ceyhan, Rençber, &Bilir, 2003). (first bibliographic quote)(later bibliographic quotes)
In studies with more than 6 authors, "et al." should be used from the first bibliographic citation.

X. REFERENCES
You should create a plan listed as a draft in your article. This list is in a sub-category under the REFERENCES heading. REFERENCES title should be centered on the main title and written in capital and bold letters.
References must follow the hanging indent format. In particular, the first line of references should be adjacent to the left margin. Other lines should start from the inside.

Examples:
Kostova, T., &Zaheer, S. 1999. Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity: The case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24(1): 64-81.

Kostova, T., & Roth, K. 2002. Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations: Institutional and relational effects. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1): 215-233.

References should be sorted by the surname of the first author or editor. In case of institutional publisher or only journal, sorting is done by name (for example, TÜİK or Ekonomist Magazine). Studies belonging to the same author or author group should be listed in order of publication years, with the first published first. If there are studies by the same author or author group with the same publication year, these references should be separated by adding lowercase letters such as "a," "b," after the year is given. In such a case, the names of the authors should be rewritten for each reference and abbreviation should not be used.

Book references should follow this format: Author's or Editors' Last Name, Initials. Year. Title of the Book (The first letter of the first word of the booktitle should be written in uppercase, other letters in lowercase, capital letters should be used only in the first letter of the first word after a capital dash or colon). City, state, or country of publication: Publisher's Name.

Examples:
Simon, H.A. 1976. Administrative behavior: a study of decision-making processes in administrative organization. New York, NY: Free Press.

Williamson, O.E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Journal references should follow the format: Authors' Surnames, Initials. Year. Title of the article (The first letter of the first word of the articletitle should be written in uppercase, other letters in lowercase, capital letters should be used only in the first letter of the first word after a capital dash or colon). Journal Title, Volume (Issue): Page numbers.

Examples:
Davis, P.S., Desai, A.B., & Francis, J.D. 2000. Mode of international entry: an isomorphism perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2): 239-258.

Kogut, B.M. 1985. Designing global strategies: profiting from operational flexibility. Sloan Management Review, 27(1): 27-38.

Meyer, K.E., & Estrin, S. 2002. Brownfield entry in emerging markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3): 575-584.

References for book chapters should follow the format: Authors' Surnames, Initials. Year. Chapter title (The first letter of the first word of the chapter titleshould be written in uppercase, other letters in lowercase, capital letters should be used only in the first letter of the first word after a capital dash or colon). Editors' Initials and Surnames (Eds), Book title: Page Numbers. City, state, or country of publication: Publisher's Name.

Example:
Westney, E. 1993. Institutionalization theory and the multinational corporation. In S. Ghoshal& E. Westney (Eds.), Organization theory and the multinational corporation: 53-75. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

References for unpublished articles, theses and presentations should be given in the following ways:

Ionascu, D., Meyer, K.E., & Estrin, S. 2004. Institutional distance and international business strategies in emerging economies. William Davidson Institute Working Paper Series, no. 728.

Ismihan, M. 2003. The role of politics and instability on public spending dynamics and macroeconomic performance: Theory and evidence from Turkey. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.

Smarzynska, B., Wei, S.J. 2000. Corruption and the composition of foreign direct investment: Firm-level evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 7969, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

Wall, J. P. 1983. Work and nonwork correlates of the career plateau. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX.

References for electronic documents include the names of the authors, if any, the title of the document, if any, the title of the work of which the document is a part, the electronic address, if available, in ftp, http or other forms, and when the document was accessed.

For articles that are in the publication stage, references should include publication information as much as possible. If the article has a DOI number, it should be specified.

Example:
Schleicher, D., Bull, R.A., & Green, S.G. in press. Rater reactions to forced distribution rating systems. Journal of Management. doi:10.1177/0149206308318618

X. APPENDIX
The appendices contain necessary but lengthy methodological details; such as details in calculating variables or new instruments in survey studies. The appendices should be short and concise, but should not ignore important points. Each supplement title should be treated as a new main title. The title of each appendix should be written in capital letters and centered. More than one annex should be named in capital letters, such as APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B. It does not require a single additional capitalization.

If you are considering applying for an article to our journal, we recommend that you review the journal's publication policy and the Author's Guide on the About Journal page. Authors must register before submitting to the journal. After signing up, you can start the 5-step posting process via the Login link. Readers are recommended to sign up for the release notification service. This can be done from the Registration link at the top of the journal entry page. Each time a new issue is published, the CONTENTS page is sent via e-mail to the reader who has registered for this service. As stated in the journal's privacy statement, the identity information and e-mail addresses of the authors will never be used for other purposes.

We recommend research libraries to include this journal in their electronic journal collection. It should be noted that the open-code publication system of the journal may also be suitable for use in other journals in which academics using the library participate in the publication process. Detailed information about Open Journal Systems can be obtained from the Public Knowledge Project page. Authors can publish their works published in this journal before and after publication, on their personal websites or in corporate archives, by referencing this journal in accordance with librarianship rules.

This magazine; adopting the principle that providing scientific research to the public free of charge will increase the global sharing of knowledge, it provides instant open access to its content. Names and e-mail addresses on this journal site will be used only for the stated purposes of this journal; It will not be made available for any other purpose or use by other persons.
The copy editing phase aims to improve the fluency, clarity, grammatical structure, word choice and format of the article. This is the last opportunity for the author to make significant changes to his article; because in the next step, only string and format corrections will be made. Since the file to be copied is in MS Word or .rtf file format, it can be easily edited as a word processing document. Two approaches to fixes are suggested here. The first is to use the "Track Changes" feature of the MS Word program. However, when this path is selected, the author, copy editor, and editor must have access to the program. The second proposed system is software independent and is reproduced here with permission from the Harvard Educational Review. The journal editor can modify these instructions to make them more suitable for the journal's own operation.

Copy editing systems

1. When the "Track Changes" feature of MS Word and the "Track Changes" feature under Tools in the Menu bar are enabled, the copy editor can make the changes it deems necessary. The texts he adds are shown in a different color, the places he removes are strikethrough, colored or deleted in the margin. The copy editor can write what they want to ask the author or editor in square brackets. The document passing through the copy editor is uploaded to the system to be forwarded to the editor. The editor reviews the text and presents it to the author's opinion. The editor and the author approve the corrections they deem appropriate and return them to the normal format, change them if they wish, or make new additions or deletions in different colors. If there are questions in the text in square brackets, the author and editor should answer these questions in the relevant brackets. After reviewing by the author and editor, the copy editor reviews the text one last time and approves the changes, and the text is ready for page editing and typesetting.

2. In order to make electronic edits to the manuscript draft with the Harvard Educational Review method, please follow the procedure below:
a) Respond to suggested changes: If you approve of the proposed changes, change the relevant text from bold to regular font. If you do not approve the proposed changes, re-enter the original text and make it bold.
b) Making additions and subtractions: Mark the part you added in bold font. Mark the text to be deleted with square brackets as follows: [text to delete] If you are deleting a sentence or more, add a note to the corresponding field. For example: [deleted 2 sentences: text to be deleted]
c) Answering the questions directed to the author: Do not touch the questions directed to the author, do not delete them, leave them in bold in the text. Add your answer as [Author's note:] to the end of the questions directed to the author. For example:[Author's note: The methodology discussion has been expanded as you suggested.]
d) Commenting: Use the Comment section to describe changes and major revisions to article editing, for example [Comment: Paragraph above moved from page 5 to page 7]
Note: When giving page numbers, use the page numbers from the hard copy you received. Page numbers may change during electronic transactions.

The commitments of the International Review of Economics and Management (IREM) in the context of ethical principles and editorial policy and their expectations from the authors are presented below.
1- IREM adopts the ethical principles established by TR DİZİN (See https://trdizin.gov.tr/?p=456). IREM management and authors submitting articles are deemed to have accepted to abide by these principles.
2- The process confidentiality of the articles sent to IREM and the intellectual property rights of the authors are protected, and academic ethical principles are carefully followed at all stages of the process.
3- For all articles sent to IREM, a similarity report is first obtained from internationally accepted plagiarism programs, and then it is decided to continue the refereeing process or to terminate the process. The similarity rate of the articles sent to the journal should be below 20%.
4- In case studies obtained from "research conducted with qualitative or quantitative approaches that require data collection from participants using survey, interview, focus group work, observation, experiment, interview techniques" are sent to IREM, an ethics committee report is requested in line with TR Index request.
5- The first issue of IREM is published every year in June and the second issue is published in December. Applications for the 1st issue are accepted between January and May, and for the 2nd issue between July and November.-

Article publication in our journal is free of charge.